Chinese Occultism, by Paul Carus, [1907], at sacred-texts.com
Chinese Occultism, by Paul Carus, [1907], at sacred-texts.com
Chinese occultism has been reduced to a system in an occult science (or better, pseudo-science) called feng-shui which, literally translated, means "wind and water," and the two words combined denote atmospheric influence, or climate. As a science feng-shui means a study of conditions, spiritual as well as physical, and the average Chinese is very anxious to locate the site of graves, temples, public and private edifices so as to insure the auspicious influence of their surroundings. Belief in the efficiency of feng-shui is very strong, and consequently its scholars play an important part in public and private life.
The science of feng-shui is fantastical, but its advocates claim the authority of the ancient Yih King, which in chapter XIII, 1 to 12, reads as follows:
"By looking up in order to contemplate the heavenly bodies, and by looking down to examine into the natural influences of the earth, man may acquire a knowledge of the cause of darkness and light."
[paragraph continues] Feng-shui is also called ti-li † and k‘an-yü. ‡ Ti-li may fitly be translated by "geomancy." Li, frequently translated by "reason" or "rational principle," means a system of the dominant maxims which govern nature. Ti means "the earth" and so the two together signify "the divining art as to terrestrial conditions." K‘an-yü, translated literally, means "canopy chariot," but k‘an (canopy) refers to the sky and yü (chariot) refers to the earth as the vehicle in which all living beings are carried. The term "canopy chariot" then means the art which is occupied with the conditions of man's habitation.
The professional diviners who practise feng-shui are called sien-sheng, § "the elder born," which is a title of respect and has been translated by "professor." They are called either feng-shui sien-sheng, "professors of divination," or ti-li sien-sheng, "geomancers," or k‘an-yü sien-sheng, "masters of the canopied chariot."
The application of the feng-shui is naturally very loose, and two different professors may easily come to opposite results according to their individual interpretation of the correct balance of the mixture of the elements and the several spiritual influences that may be discovered in special localities. Diviners use for their geomantic investigations a peculiar instrument with a mariner's compass in the center the purpose of which De Groot explains as follows:
"The chief use of the geomantic compass is to find the line in which, according to the almanac, a grave ought to be made, or a house or temple built. Indeed, in this most useful of all books it is every year decided between which two points of the compass the lucky line for that year lies, and which point is absolutely inauspicious. This circumstance not only entails a postponement of many burials, seeing it is not always possible to find a grave, answering to all the geomantic requirements, in the lucky line of the year; but it regularly compels the owners of houses and temples to postpone repairs or the rebuilding of the same until a year in which the line wherein their properties are situate is declared to be lucky. Many buildings for this reason alone are allowed to fall to ruin for years, and it is no rare thing to see whole streets simultaneously demolished and rebuilt in years auspicious to the direction in which they were placed." 16
Considering the sacrifices which are expected of a good son in the selection of the site and the general equipment of the parental graves, we can easily understand that the burden of ancestral worship is very heavy. While we must admire the filial piety of the Chinese, we regret to see the uselessness of their devotion and the waste to which it leads. It is refreshing, however, to observe that the general rule is not without exceptions and we find that there are sensible men who raise their voices in protest.
Ts‘ui Yuen of the second century, a mandarin of high position, died at Loh-Yang, the imperial metropolis. According to the customary ritual, his son should have transported his remains to his place of birth for burial in the family cemetery, but Ts‘ui Yuen left these instructions with his son Shih, which we quote from De Groot (loc. cit., pp. 837–8):
"Human beings borrow from heaven and earth the breath upon which they live, and at the end of their terrestrial career they restitute the etherial parts of that breath to heaven, giving their bones back to earth; consequently, what part of the earth can be unsuitable for concealing their skeletons? You must not take me back to my place of birth, nor may you accept any funeral presents, neither offerings of mutton or pork."
The Chinese authority from which Professor De Groot quotes, adds: 17
"Respectfully receiving these his last orders, Shih kept the corpse in Loh-Yang and there buried it."
The spirit of Ts‘ui Yuen has not died out, as is attested by a satirical poem which is current to-day, and which humorously points out the inconsistency of those mantics or soothsayers who know all the conditions of the four quarters and promise their patrons to show them (for a due consideration) a spot so auspicious for a grave that the spirit of their ancestor will bestow upon members of the family the dignity of kings. If that were true, why have they not buried their own parents there? The poem in the original Chinese is as follows:
This translation imitates the original as closely as possible in metre and meaning:
56:16 In his voluminous work The Religious System of China, Vol. III, Bk. s. "Disposal of the Dead." Part 3. "The Grave," p. 974.
57:17 Books of the Later Han Dynasty, Chap. 82 line 15.
57:18 In the early Chinese form, the final words of the first, second, and fourth lines were all pronounced as if ending in ong. Consequently, although the individual words have changed their form, the series is considered as containing one rhyme and, according to Chinese rules of rhyming, is still so used in verse.
